CHAPTER FOUR
THE NATURAL VARIABILITY OF THE
EARTH- ATMOSPHERE CLIMATE SYSTEM


SECTION ONE


Chemical and Radiative Effects of Pinatubo Eruption
HTML Mount Pinatubo Eruption

Volcano World
HTML University of North Dakota-Volcano World
An interesting page devoted to volcanoes around the world. Images, current data and video clips can be found on this UND-NASA supported page.

Volcanoes and Global Climate Change
HTML NASA Facts
An overview of the role of volcanoes for climate variations has been made available by NASA.

American Geophysical Union-Mount Pinatubo
HTML American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union examines the eruption of Mount Pinatubo and the rusulting effects on the atmosphere.

Fig 4.3
Transmission of sunlight at Mauna Loa
HTML NOAA/CMDL

Surface and Atmospheric Effects of Mt. Pinatubo
GIF NASA Earth Observing System
Explanation and Gifs of Mt. Pinatubo, dispersal of sulfur dioxide and other aerosols from Mt. Pinatubo, and other effects from the eruption in 1991

SECTION TWO


ENSO Lecture
HTML U. Utah
A general overview of the ENSO phenomenon.

Climate and ENSO Advisories
HTML NCEP - Climate Prediction Center
The Climate Prediction Center of the National Centers for Enviromental Prediction provides current information on the status of the tropical atmosphere and the ENSO phenomenon.

El Nino and Climate Prediction
HTML NOAA
El Nino theme page from NOAA

California El Nino Information
HTML CERES
This page includes maps, animations, and imagery of El Nino.

Ocean Planet
HTML Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian has an excellent interactive tour and exhibit, Ocean Planet.

Seasonal Ocean Currents
HTML Smithsonian
Explanation of the Ocean currents

Hydrographic map from NOAA World Ocean ATLAS 1994
HTML University of Tokyo/Ocean Research Institute
This is an interactive tool to plot hydrographic maps using the dataset published as NOAA CD-ROM series. The dataset contains climatological annual-mean water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient fields, objectively analyzed on 1-degree-by-1-degree grids and at 33 depth levels.

Numeric Ocean Modeling Experiments
HTML NOAA
Ocean Modeling, animations, and ENSO

World Ocean Circulation Experiment
HTML WOCE

Climate Processes Over the Ocean
HTML University of Washington

Air-Sea Interaction and Climate Team at JPL
HTML NASA/JPL

Air-Sea Interaction Research at URI/GSO
HTML University of Rhode Island/GSO

ENSO: A Master's Thesis
HTML UMASS

Quick Guide to El Nino
HTML NASA

ENSO Graphics
HTML University of Washington
Historical Record of Eastern Equatorial Pacific SST Anomalies, Darwin Sea-Level Pressure Anomalies, Tahiti Sea-Level Pressure Anomalies, and "Southern Oscillation Index", from 1882 to present. Other gifs and explanations included.

Current Sea Surface Temp Anomalies
GIF Purdue
Current Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies Nino Zones

Sea Surface Temp Anomalies
GIF University of Washington
Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies for 1975 to present for the four El Nino Zones

Impact of El Nino on Tropospheric Temperature
GIF NOAA National Enviromental Watch
Short report including illustrations and also a relationship on volcanic eruptions.

Monthly mean SST along equator
GIF NOAA/El Nino Theme Page
Monthly mean sea surface temperatures from 1986 to present along the equator.

US Climate Anomalies Associated with ENSO
HTML NOAA/El Nino Theme Page
Plots that illustrate the average difference in temperature and precipitation observed during extremes of the ENSO cycle.

El Nino/La Nina FAQ
HTML NOAA
Comprehensive FAQ list on El Nino and La Nina.

El Nino Theme Page
HTML NOAA/PMEL
NOAA/PMEL El Nino page. Includes links to Spanish and Portuguese pages.