|
1
|
- Pielke (1984) Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling
- Simpson (1994) Sea breeze and local winds
- Segal et al. (1997) BAMS 1135-1147
|
|
2
|
- Lake/land breeze on lakes with width > 80 km similar to sea/land breeze
- 5 m/s through depths several hundred meters deep
- Sea breeze can penetrate over 100 km inland
- Lake breezes are presumed to be generated from lakes as small as 2 km in
width
- Maximum lake breeze order 6 m/s
- Onshore penetration less than half-width of lake
- Depths of several hundred meters
|
|
3
|
- 1% of global continental area
- 170 freshwater lakes in US 48 states of area 100-2500 km2
- 1000s of smaller lakes
- Some bays and wide rivers generate “lake” breezes
- “Vegetation” breeze (irrigated vs. dry soil) equivalent in many respects
to small lake breezes
- Swamps/irrigated soil extend affect of lake
|
|
4
|
|
|
5
|
- Reduced heat stress
- Affects pollutant dispersion
- Can help to organize clouds and precipitation
- Affects distribution of insects and birds
- Recreational uses
|
|
6
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
13
|
- Most lakes in west located in valley basins
- Lake breeze coupled with daytime thermally induced upslope flow
- Lake breeze enhanced in narrow valleys
- Lake breeze stronger when lake surrounded by dry soil than wet
- Dry surface enhances the daytime surface sensible heat flux
|
|
14
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
20
|
- First detailed weather
observations on the Great Salt Lake:
- May 1. Sunrise 57F, cirrus. Noon 71F cirrus. 3 PM 69F cloudy. Sunset
63F calm
- April 16. About 4 o’clock a violent gale came up accompanied by thunder
and lightning from the west which instantly prostrated most of our
tents and a copious fall of hail mingled with rain which wetted the
party to the skin.
- May 8. Gunnison Island. We set out at 5 o’clock on our return. When
within 3 or 4 miles of camp a most furious gale of wind broke down upon
us from the NW, which soon raised such a sea as to render the progress
of our heavy boat so slow that we did not reach camp until 10 o’clock,
cold tired & hungry.
- Exploring the Great Salt Lake: the Stansbury Expedition of 1849-50. Edited
by Brigham D. Madsen. University of Utah Press. 1989.
|
|
21
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
27
|
- Lake-surface temperature can change rapidly
- Large spatial variability in lake-surface temperature
|
|
28
|
- How does weather affect the lake?
- How does the lake affect weather?
|
|
29
|
- Knowledge of how weather affects the lake and vice versa requires
monitoring weather routinely:
- Protection of life and property (boating safety)
- Ecological impacts within the lake (wind transport of brine shrimp
cysts, mechanical mixing of lake, heat exchange,
precipitation/evaporation effects)
- Ecological impacts in the vicinity of the lake (vegetation, water
sources, wind transport of insects)
- Lake effect snowstorms
|
|
30
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
36
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
39
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
44
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
46
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
48
|
|
|
49
|
|
|
50
|
- Instability: Lake must be very much warmer than air at mountain crest
level (by 17oC or more). Likely when cold
northerly/northwesterly winds blow across the lake.
- Lift: A mechanism to lift air parcels must be present (e.g.,
land-breezes from opposing sides of the lake converging in the center
of the lake)
- Moisture: There must be sufficient moisture in the air approaching the
lake for clouds to form when the air is lifted. Evaporation from the
lake is insufficient to generate appreciable snowfall
|
|
51
|
|
|
52
|
|
Notes
